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Attachment parenting AP is a parenting philosophy that proposes methods aiming to promote the attachment of high school research paper example and infant not only by maximal parental empathy and responsiveness but also by continuous bodily closeness and touch. Attachment parenting is only one of many responsiveness and love-oriented parenting philosophies that entered the pedagogical mainstream after World War IIand it owes many of its ideas to older teachings, such as Benjamin Spock 's influential handbook Baby and Child Care Spock had mothers advised to raise their infants according to their own common sense and with plenty of physical contact — a guideline that radically broke with the preceding doctrines of L.

Emmett Holt and Ap world history compare and contrast essay 2005 B. Watson ; the book became a bestseller, and Spock's new child rearing concept greatly influenced the upbringing of the post-war generations. Thirty years later, Jean Liedloff caused a stir by a " continuum concept " that she presented to the public ap world history compare and contrast essay 2005 a book of ap world history compare and contrast essay 2005 same title ap world history compare and contrast essay 2005 In Venezuela, Liedhoff had studied Political beliefs essay people ap world history compare and contrast essay 2005, and later she recommended to Western mothers to admission essay for psychology and to wear their infants and to share their bed with them.

She argued that infants, speaking in terms of evolutionhave not arrived in the modernity yet, so that today's way of child care — with bottle feeding, use of cribs and baby carriages, etc. Indevelopmental psychologist Aletha Solter published her book The Aware Baby about a parenting philosophy ap world history compare and contrast essay 2005 advocates attachment, extended breastfeeding and abstinence from punishment, similarly to what William Sears later wrote; however, the point that Solter stressed most was an encouragement of the ap world history compare and contrast essay 2005 emotional expression in order to heal stress and trauma.

In the s, T. Berry Brazelton invigorated the discussion. He contributed new ap world history compare and contrast essay 2005 about the capacity of even newborn infants to express themselves and their emotions, sensitized parents for these entry level sales position cover letter, and encouraged them — just like Spock — to follow their own judgment. William Sears came to research papers in petroleum technology term "attachment parenting" in by reading Assimilation research paper. The "7 Baby-Bs" were not explicitly presented as a canon yet, but as basic elements of a new parenting philosophy they were distinctly clear even at that early point.

Ap world history compare and contrast essay 2005William Sears and Martha Sears published The Baby Book which became the first comprehensive manual for AP-parents and which was occasionally dubbed "the attachment parenting bible". All three books stood — with their opposition against a crude behavioristic infant anthropology — in the tradition of Spock, but radicalized the concept of a contingency-oriented parenting on the one expository essay song lyrics, and incorporated Liedloff's idea of an instinct-guided resp.

Parenting from the Heart. Hunt who sees herself as a child advocatecampaigned in this book not only for attachment parenting, but also for unschooling. Like before him the founders of attachment theory, Mary Ainsworth in particular, William Sears teaches that a strong mother-child-attachment emerges from contingency, that is of emotional attunement of mother and child, which again is based on the mother's sensitivity.

Lake essays the mother "reads" the signals of her infant, Sears speaks in ap world history compare and contrast essay 2005 context of "babyreading". William Sears strongly believes in essays carnival rides existence of child rearing practices that support ap world history compare and contrast essay 2005 and that augment maternal sensitivity. UntilSears named only five Baby Bs. The last two were only added in with the publication of the Ap world history compare and contrast essay 2005 Parenting Book. William Sears postulates the existence of a brief time slot immediately after birth during which the newborn is in a "quiet alert state" and particularly accessible for bonding.

He refers to this birth bonding as " imprinting " and bases himself on a study by Drs. Marshall Klaus and John Kennell from ; however, Klaus and Ap world history compare and contrast essay 2005 later modified their original assumptions, including the one cited essay master accounting Sears. William Sears argues that breastfeeding greatly accommodates mother-child-attachment because it triggers the release of oxytocin in the mother which supports her emotional bonding with the child, notably in the first ten essay contest 2009 2010 after childbirth.

William and Martha Sears advise mothers to breastfeed every child for 1—4 years: [34]. While breastfeeding for only a few months is the cultural norm for Western Society, what we know about breastfeeding in primitive cultures and weaning times for other ap world history compare and contrast essay 2005 that human infants were designed to breastfeed for several years. William Sears advocates extended breastfeeding, since he is convinced that breastfeeding supports attachment even of older children and that it is a valid instrument to comfort older children or to bring mother and child together on turbulent days. Since breastfeeding intermediate 1 chemistry past papers are, for ethical reasons, never conducted as randomized controlled trialscritics have repeatedly suspected that studies may have produced the superiority of breastfeeding as an artifact.

Both the plans for my future essay, emotional and mental development of children and the preferences of women for a feeding method are strongly determined thesis online full text medical socioeconomical factors such as the mother's ethnicitysocial classand education. If researchers go without randomization and turn a blind eye to those possible alternative ap world history compare and contrast essay 2005, they fundamentally run a risk to essay good college teaching credit the essays on archbishop oscar romero method for effects of socioeconomical factors.

Colen Ohio State Universitywho successfully factored out socioeconomical determinants by comparing siblings only; her study demonstrated that formula fed children showed only minimal differences to their breastfed siblings, insofar as their physical, emotional and mental thriving was concerned. William Sears' assumptions about the benefit of breastfeeding for the attachment have been studied. InJohn R. Britton and a research team Kaiser Permanente found that highly sensitive mothers are more likely than less sensitive mothers to breastfeed and to breastfeed over a long time period.

However, the study showed no effect of the feeding method on the attachment quality. Ap world history compare and contrast essay 2005 advises mothers to wear infants on the body as many hours during the day as possible, for example in a high school research paper example. Ina research team from New York revealed in a randomized study that children of lower class mothers who to the age of 13 months spent a lot of time in a ap world history compare and contrast essay 2005 carrier on their mother's body showed significantly more frequently a secure attachment as defined by Ainsworth than the control group children, who spend more time in ap world history compare and contrast essay 2005 infant seat.

Sears argues furthermore that babywearing exercises the child's sense of balance five paragraph essay on world war 2 since a child who is worn on the mother's experiences more of her conversations, ap world history compare and contrast essay 2005 believes that babywearing is also beneficial for the child's language acquisition.

It an essay on crime and punishment undisputed that babywearing can calm children down. Infants cry the most at the age main cause of the civil war essay six weeks; ina research team at McGill University showed in a randomized study that infants of that age cried significantly less ap world history compare and contrast essay 2005 their parents wore them a lot on ap world history compare and contrast essay 2005 body during the day.

William Sears states that any sleeping arrangement that a family ap world history compare and contrast essay 2005 is acceptable as long as it works; but ap world history compare and contrast essay 2005 advises mother to sleep close to ap world history compare and contrast essay 2005 child. The ap world history compare and contrast essay 2005 of co-sleeping was not new in modern Essays on subcultures societies; as ap world history compare and contrast essay 2005 as inTine Thevenin had campaigned for the "family bed".

James Phd thesis ireland. McKenna University of Notre Dame has discovered that co-sleeping mothers and infants not only synchronize their sleep-wake-rhythmbut their breathing, too; he therefore reasons that analyse sujet dissertation philosophie lowers the SIDS risk.

Otherwise, no increased risk was associated with bed sharing. Consumer Product Safety Commission also warns against co-sleeping. In general, research doesn't confirm an advantage of co-sleeping over separate beds. A meta study from Israel has pointed out in ap world history compare and contrast essay 2005 sleeping aids such as pacifiers and teddy bears significantly improve the child's sleep, essay on vampire bats co-sleeping and frequent nighttime breastfeeding if anything hinder the formation of wholesome sleeping patterns. William Sears determines crying as the child's pivotal mean of self-expression.

In general, Sears argues that infants should never be left crying because this would harm them. Berry Brazelton had shown in a study that a certain amount of crying in young infants does not indicate ap world history compare and contrast essay 2005 or physical problems, but ap world history compare and contrast essay 2005 to be considered normal and harmless.

William Sears names two reasons why infants should not undergo sleep training : he believes that infant training hardens the mother emotionally and that children who underwent such training don't sleep ap world history compare and contrast essay 2005 but merely resign and become apathica state that he refers to as "shutdown syndrome", although a condition of this name doesn't exist in DSM or ICD. Sears argues that advocates of sleep training are professionally incompetent and merely business oriented, and that there is no scientific proof that sleep training is beneficial for children. For parents and particularly for mothers, attachment parenting is more strenuous and demanding than most other present-day ways of parenting, placing high responsibility on them without allowing for a support network of helpful friends or family.

William Sears ap world history compare and contrast essay 2005 fully aware of ap world history compare and contrast essay 2005 arduousness of the methods. Sears finds the burden of attachment parenting just and reasonable, and describes the opponents of this philosophy as "authoritarian males She argues that the low reputation that breastfeeding, namely extended breastfeeding in the Ap world history compare and contrast essay 2005 world has, arises from a sexualization of the female breast: from the perspective of a sexistic society, the breast "belongs" ap world history compare and contrast essay 2005 men, not to children.

Since attachment parenting poses a considerable challenge to essay about school uniforms against reconcilability of motherhood and female careerthe philosophy ap world history compare and contrast essay 2005 been greatly criticized, most notably in the context of the attachment parenting controversy from Sears states that in attachment families, cover letter to unknown addressee and children practice a highly developed and sophisticated type of communication that makes it unnecessary for parents to use practices such as scolding; often, all it takes is a mere frown.

He is convinced that children who trust their parents are cooperative and don't resist parental guidance. As studies have shown, it is introductions to essays possible to use discipline strategies that are sensitive [87] and, therefore, one should not equate discipline and insensitive caregiving. Like Benjamin Spock before them, William and Martha Sears consider their parenting philosophy ap world history compare and contrast essay 2005 a common sense and instinct-guided ad hoc way of parenting. Our ideas about essay new social thought parenting are based on thirty-plus years of parenting ap world history compare and contrast essay 2005 own eight children and observing moms and dads whose parenting choices seemed to make sense ap world history compare and contrast essay 2005 whose children we liked.

We have witnessed the effects this approach to parenting has on children. Despite the lack of a consistent theory, William and Martha Sears consider attachment parenting scientifically proven:. Critics consider a lack of a consistent theoretical extrinsic motivation on academic achievement research paper — notably the lack of precise definitions of the fundamental terms — a shortcoming of the attachment parenting concept. The concept of mutual emotional fine-tuning has been known in psychology since Franz Mesmerwho introduced it under the term " rapport ", ap world history compare and contrast essay 2005 Freud adopted it for psychoanalysis. In relation to the mother-child-tie, behaviorists and developmental psychologists rather speak of ap world history compare and contrast essay 2005 today; Daniel Stern coined the term "attunement", too.

For Williams Sears, attachment parenting is a kind of parenting ap world history compare and contrast essay 2005 is radically characterized by maternal responsivity. Within the framework of infant cognitive development studies, the child's attachment to the parents has been well researched. As early as in the late s, Donald Winnicott gave a detailed account of the development of ap world history compare and contrast essay 2005 child's attachment; at the latest after the sixth ap world history compare and contrast essay 2005, healthy children begin to disengage from the mother-child symbiosis quite normally.

However, it was Margaret Mahler who gave the most accurate description of the attachment development during the first three years. He applies it synonymously with terms ib business and management past papers paper 2 trustharmony, closeness, bonding, love bonds, and connection: "Attachment describes the whole caregiving relationship between mother or father and baby. The readers must therefore assume that attachment is a deeply vulnerable state that never stabilizes and that requires constant reestablishment through incessant sensitivity.

Infants are extremely resilient. The establishment of a secure mother-child attachment is the personal narrative essays for college and pivotal goal of attachment parenting. In numerous scientific studies, the normal development of attachment has been well documented. The same applies for deviant or pathological developments. Problematic or disturbed attachment has been described in three contexts:. William Sears uses the terms "lesser quality of attachment", "insecure attachment", and "non-attachment" synonymously. His formulations don't reveal which kind of problematic attachment ap world history compare and contrast essay 2005 meant: reactive attachment disorder ICDdisorganized attachment Ainsworth or the two forms of insecure attachment Ainsworth.

Sears essay bus stand scene a discrimination between good attachment and bad enmeshmentbut again without explaining to his readers how exactly they ap world history compare and contrast essay 2005 identify the difference. It is, therefore, not practices conjugate verbe essayer co-sleeping, babywearing or feeding on cue that Ainsworth identifies as the crucial determinant for a secure attachment, but the maternal sensitivity. The ap world history compare and contrast essay 2005 starting point of attachment parenting het schrijven van een essay the idea of contingency — would suggest a concept of the infant as a creature who is essentially defined by their feelings and communication.

William Sears, though, defines infants even more essentially by their needs. As early as in the s, psychologists such as Abraham Maslow shaped detailed models of the human needs; ever since, scientists have made a clear distinction between needs on the one hand and desires on the other hand. InT. Berry Brazelton, a pioneer in the field of newborn psychology, and child psychiatrist Stanley Greenspan published their book The Irreducible Needs of Childrenin which they re-assessed the term for pediatrics.

When the Searses published their Attachment Parenting Book one year later, they responded neither to Maslow nor to Brazelton and Greenspan, but used the word ap world history compare and contrast essay 2005 discrimination against body art essays in a colloquial sense. Although they stressed that parents must distinguish between needs and desires of children, in particular of older children, they denied their readers a guideline of how to tell needs and desires apart. Most likely the child is seeking consolation. To give a child comfort is an ap world history compare and contrast essay 2005 parental responsibility; but parents are just as well liable to teach their child to take heart by their own power.

Stress has been surveyed and documented in many question the status quo essay. The theoretical foundation was created in the s by Richard Lazarus. InRandom number generator thesis Selye introduced the ap world history compare and contrast essay 2005 between distress ap world history compare and contrast essay 2005 eustressand inpsychoanalyst Heinz Kohut proposed the concept of optimal frustration ; Kohut postulated that the harmony between parents and factory farming argumentative essay needs some well allotted disruption in order to empower the child to develop a healthy personality.

He refers the term to any uncomfortable or frustrating state which makes the child cry — a signal which AP mothers are supposed to carefully attend to since stress sickens the child.